Multi-view coding with exploitation of renderable portions

ABSTRACT

Rendered portions of a renderable portion of a first view of a multi-view signal are introduced into a prediction loop of a multi-view encoder to form a reference signal for the block-based prediction of the encoder&#39;s view predictor may improve the prediction and thereby increasing the coding efficiency. The introduction may be performed by completely inserting the renderable portion into the prediction loop to form new reference pictures with their own reference picture indices in addition to reference pictures obtained by the reconstructed version of the multi-view signal of the block-based prediction. Alternatively, the rendered portion may be introduced into the prediction loop completely, but with replacing the normal prediction reference signal, i.e., the normally reconstructed signal as obtained by block-based prediction. Alternatively, it may be signaled within the data stream which portions of the renderable portion are used to replace respective portions in the normally reconstructed signal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 14/273,701, filedMay 9, 2014, which is a Continuation of International Application No.PCT/EP2012/072180, filed Nov. 8, 2012, which claims priority from U.S.Application No. 61/558,643, filed Nov. 11, 2011. The subject matter ofeach of the foregoing applications is incorporated herein by referencein entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present application is concerned with multi-view coding.

Multi-view video sequences are basically captured as multiple singleview sequences. These single view sequences are captured by multiplecameras simultaneously from different view-points of the same scene.Therefore, multi-view video sequences contain a high amount ofinter-view redundancies.

A common technique to deal with these inter-view redundancies isinter-view prediction, analogous to the well known temporalmotion-compensated or inter-frame prediction. In interview prediction,the reference frame does not relate temporally but spatially (regardingthe camera position) to the frame to be coded. Since these two kinds ofprediction are conceptually the same, they can be easily combined byusing the same reference lists for both kinds of prediction (i.e., areference picture list can contain both temporal reference pictures aswell as inter-view reference pictures).

Such a combination of temporal and inter-view prediction is used by theMVC extension to H.264/AVC.

An example for an effective prediction structure combining temporal andinter-view prediction is presented in FIG. 1 . On the left side, apossible prediction structure is shown for the 3 view case, on the rightside, an example for the 2 view case is given. In both cases, view Vo isthe reference view that is used for interview prediction.

Interview prediction, as used in MVC is a feasible technique to dealwith interview redundancies if only few views are transmitted, e.g. instereoscopic (two-view) video. The transmitted amount of data in MVCincreases approximately linearly with the number of views. This makesMVC unsuitable for applications that demand a higher number of views,such as autostereoscopic displays, where 28 or more views are presented.In such a scenario, not all the views are transmitted, but only a fewviews, e.g. 3 views. The bigger part of the views is rendered at thedecoder side using the transmitted views. In order to decreasecomplexity of rendering, new approaches in multi-view coding do not onlyencode texture (as in MVC), but also depth information in form of depthmaps plus camera parameters. This provides the receiver with 3D sceneinformation and eases the interpolation (rendering) of intermediateviews.

Due to disocclusions and pixel displacements that are reaching out ofthe image plane, not all regions of a frame can be rendered from anotherview.

FIG. 2 sketches the rendering for a scene that just contains a square 10in front of a white background (12). The right view and the left vieware transmitted, the intermediate view is rendered. The regions markedhatched cannot be rendered from the right view, due to disocclusions(cross hatched with dashed lines) and pixel displacements reaching outof the image plane (cross hatched with continuous lines), whileanalogously the regions marked simply hatched cannot be rendered fromthe left view. The regions marked white, i.e. the background, and theobject 10 in the rendered view are present in both (left and right)transmitted views.

FIG. 3 shows an example of the rendering process from a left view to aright view. The pixels of the image regions that cannot be rendered areset to black as shown at 14.

It becomes obvious that the transmitted views, i.e. left and right viewsin FIGS. 2 and 3 , have almost the same content for a huge part of theimage. Since the depth information 16 and camera parameters 18 areusually transmitted anyway in order to support the rendering at thedecoder side, regions 14 that can be rendered by renderer 20 from onetransmitted view, such as the left view in FIG. 3 , to anothertransmitted view, such as the right view in FIG. 3 , only need to betransmitted in the bitstream once. Thus, conceptually, if pictureregions that can efficiently be rendered from one view to another, allregions of the right view except regions 14, are only transmitted once,a significant amount of the overall bit rate can be saved.

However, even the non-transmission of renderable portions of secondarytransmitted views being renderable from primary transmitted views doesnot lead to an optimally efficient compression of the multi-view data.Accordingly, it would be favorable to have a multi-view concept at handwhich enables a more efficient coding of transmitted views.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment, an encoder for encoding a multi-view signalinto a data stream may have: a determinator configured to determine arenderable portion of a first view of the multi-view signal which isrenderable, by view synthesis, from a second view of the multi-viewsignal; a view predictor configured to perform a block-based predictionof the multi-view signal from a reference signal so as to obtain aprediction signal; a residual generator configured to determine aresidual signal between the prediction signal and the multi-view signalview; a data stream generator configured to insert the residual signalinto the data stream, wherein the determinator is configured to actuallyrender at least a reference portion of the renderable portion of thefirst view from the second view so as to obtain a rendered referencesignal and the view predictor is configured to perform, the block-basedprediction from the reference signal including the rendered referencesignal.

According to another embodiment, a decoder for reconstructing amulti-view signal from a data stream may have: a renderer configured torender, by view synthesis, at least a reference portion of a first viewof the multi-view signal from a reconstructed version of the second viewso as to obtain a rendered reference signal; a view predictor configuredto perform a block-based prediction of the multi-view signal from areference signal based on prediction parameters within the data streamso as to obtain a prediction signal, a reconstructor configured toreconstruct the multi-view signal based on a residual signal within thedata stream and the prediction signal, wherein the view predictor isconfigured to perform, the block-based prediction from the referencesignal including the rendered reference signal.

According to another embodiment, a method for encoding a multi-viewsignal into a data stream may have the steps of: determining arenderable portion of a first view of the multi-view signal which isrenderable, by view synthesis, from a second view of the multi-viewsignal; performing a block-based prediction of the multi-view signalfrom a reference signal so as to obtain a prediction signal; determininga residual signal between the prediction signal and the multi-viewsignal view; inserting the residual signal into the data stream, whereinthe determining includes actually rendering at least a reference portionof the renderable portion of the first view from the second view so asto obtain a rendered reference signal and the performance of theprediction includes performing the block-based prediction from thereference signal including the rendered reference signal.

According to another embodiment, a method for reconstructing amulti-view signal from a data stream may have the steps of: rendering,by view synthesis, at least a reference portion of a first view of themulti-view signal from a reconstructed version of the second view so asto obtain a rendered reference signal; performing a block-basedprediction of the multi-view signal from a reference signal based onprediction parameters within the data stream so as to obtain aprediction signal, reconstructing the multi-view signal based on aresidual signal within the data stream and the prediction signal,wherein the performance of the prediction includes performing theblock-based prediction from the reference signal including the renderedreference signal.

Another embodiment may have a computer program having a program code forperforming, when running on a computer, an inventive method.

The basic idea underlying the present invention is that introducingactually rendered portions of a renderable portion of a first (ordependent) view of a multi-view signal into a prediction loop of amulti-view encoder so as to form a reference signal for the block-basedprediction of the encoder's view predictor may improve the predictionand accordingly, increase the coding efficiency. The introduction may beperformed in several manners, such as completely inserting therenderable portion into the prediction loop so as to form new referencepictures with their own reference picture indices in addition toreference pictures obtained by the reconstructed version of themulti-view signal of the block-based prediction. Alternatively, theactually rendered portion may be introduced into the prediction loopcompletely, but with replacing the normal prediction reference signal,i.e. the normally reconstructed signal as obtained by block-basedprediction. In another alternative, it may be signaled within the datastream which portions of the renderable portion are used to replacerespective portions in the normally reconstructed signal.

This concept is, in accordance with further embodiments of the presentinvention, combined with another discovery made by the inventors, namelythat simply disregarding a renderable portion of a first (or dependent)view of a multi-view signal, which is renderable by synthesis from asecond (or reference) view of the multi-view signal, introduces newcoding penalties due to the lack of information on prediction parametersrelating to the renderable portion in the renderable portion, whichcould serve as a prediction basis for predicting prediction parametersrelating to the non-renderable portion of the multi-view signal, i.e. aremaining portion of the multi-view signal disjoint to the renderableportion of the first view. Particularly at the spatio-temporalneighborhood of the renderable portion of the first view, the simpleomission of any prediction parameters relating to the renderable portionof the first view would frequently result in a lack of adequateparameter predictors for coding blocks within this neighborhood, bothspatially and temporally as well as in inter-view direction as far asfurther subsequent views in dependency direction are concerned.Accordingly, the prediction parameters of these blocks would have to betransmitted completely anew, thereby causing coding penalties which, toa large extent, compensate the rate savings obtained by omitting thetransmission of any data relating to the renderable portion of the firstview. Accordingly, as an optional feature of some embodiments of thepresent invention an intermediate way of handling the renderable portionof the first view results in a more efficient coding. In particular,instead of omitting the coding of the renderable portion of the firstview completely, an even more efficient coding of multi-view signals maybe obtained if merely the coding of the residual signal is suppressedwithin the renderable portion, whereas the prediction parameter codingcontinues to take place from the non-renderable portion of themulti-view signal across the renderable portion so that predictionparameters relating to the renderable portion may be exploited forpredicting prediction parameters relating to the non-renderable portionof the multi-view signal. The additional coding rate which has to bespent for transmitting the prediction parameters relating to therenderable portion may be kept low as the aim of the transmission ofthese prediction parameters is merely to form a continuation of theprediction parameter history across the renderable portion so as toserve as a basis for prediction parameters of other portions of themulti-view signal. In other words, the prediction parameters relating tothe renderable portion do not have to perfectly predict the texturewithin the renderable portion of the first view so as to keep theresidual signal within the renderable portion low.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will be detailed subsequentlyreferring to the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows prediction structures of a data stream coded according tothe MVC extension to H.264/AVC using intra prediction, temporalprediction (vertical errors) and inter-view prediction (horizontalerrors);

FIG. 2 shows exemplarily the rendition of an intermediate view (renderedview) from left and right views, respectively;

FIG. 3 shows the rendering of a transmitted dependent view (right view)from a transmitted reference view (left view);

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an encoder for encoding a multi-viewsignal in accordance with an embodiment;

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an decoder for reconstructing amulti-view signal in accordance with an embodiment; and

FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram showing a block to be coded in anun-subdivided state of a hierarchy level of a recursive quad-treesubdivision, and a subdivided state according to a subsequent hierarchylevel thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before describing several embodiments of the present invention withregard to the figures, it should be noted that the same reference signshave been used within these figures for equal elements or elementsassuming the same functionality, and accordingly the description of suchan element with regard to one figure shall equally apply to anotherfigure.

FIG. 4 shows an encoder for encoding a multi-view signal 20 into a datastream 21. As will become clear from the following description, themulti-view signal 20 is exemplarily shown to comprise a first view 22and a second view 24. However, the embodiments of the present inventionare not restricted to such a two-view case and are equally applicable toa case where the number of views of the multi-view signal 20 is higherthan two. In any case, the multi-view signal 20 comprises views 22 and24 which belong to, or relate to, the same scene, but to different viewpoints, and accordingly a high amount of redundancy exists between views22 and 24 of multi-view signal 20. The encoder of FIG. 4 efficientlyremoves these redundancies from data stream 21.

Moreover, as will also become clear from the description below, theencoder of FIG. 4 does not necessarily completely encode multi-viewsignal 20 into data stream 22. Rather, the following descriptionconcentrates on the encoding of view 24 into data stream 22 although itshould be clear that encoder 26 could generally be configured to encodeviews 22 and 24 of multi-view signal 20 into data stream 22. Similarly,FIG. 4 exemplarily shows view 22 as comprising a depth/disparity map soas to alleviate the rendering of view 24 from view 22. That is, view 22is shown to comprise spatially sampled texture information 30, andassociated therewith a depth/disparity map 28 representing a spatialsampling of the associated depth/disparity of the scene captured fromview 22. It should be noted that view 22 does not have to have adepth/disparity map 28, as will be outlined in more detail below,wherein, however, the existence of the depth/disparity map 28 isadvantageous due to the alleviation of the rendering process at thedecoder side as will be outlined in more detail below.

As far as the dependent view 24 is concerned, same comprises a spatialsampling 32 of texture of view 24. Merely as an optional feature, view24 may also comprise depth/disparity map data 34 for associatingdepth/disparity values to the texture samples of texture 32, just asdepth/disparity map 28 does with respect to texture 30.

Further, the multi-view signal 20 may, as shown in FIG. 4 , not onlyrepresent a spatial sampling of one common scene from different viewdirections associated with views 22 and 24, but also a temporal samplingof this scene. Accordingly, the texture information 30 and 32 may bevideos, i.e. sequences of pictures, and the depth/disparity maps 28 and34 may have a depth/disparity sample array associated with each pictureof videos 30 and 32, respectively. However, although FIG. 4 suggeststhat a depth/disparity map exists for each picture of the respectiveview, this is not necessarily the case. In other words, the spatialand/or temporal resolution of the depth/disparity maps 28 and 34,respectively, may differ from the spatial and/or temporal samplingresolution of the associated texture information 30 and 32,respectively. The same applies with respect to the spatial and/ortemporal resolution of views 22 and 24: same may be the same among views22 and 24 or different.

As is shown in FIG. 4 , encoder 26 comprises a determinator 36, a viewpredictor 38, a residual generator 40, a parameter predictor 42 and adata stream generator 44. The interconnection of these blocks is asindicated in FIG. 4 with solid lines. Dashed interconnections and blocksare optional with their significance being derivable from thebelow-outlined explanation. Regarding the determinator block it is notedthat same occurs twice, with position 92 however, representing analternative position to block 36 so that block 36 may absent when thedeterminator functionality is included into block 92, for example.

The determinator 36 is configured to determine a renderable portion 46of view 24, which is renderable by view synthesis from view 22 or anyother view belonging to the same scene of the multi-view signal. Therendition by view synthesis, which may also called warping, may, forexample, involve shifting each sample in view 22, such as each picturesample of video 30 of view 22, in accordance with the co-located valueof the depth/disparity map so as to obtain this scene as seen from theview direction of view 24, followed by interpolating the thus obtainedrendition result onto the sample grid of view 24, such as the samplepositions of video 32 of view 24.

It should be emphasized that determinator 36 may not actually performthe entire rendition. Rather, it is sufficient for determinator 36 tosegment view 24 into the renderable portion 46, and the remainingportion, i.e. the non-renderable portion 48. As described above withrespect to FIG. 2 , the non-renderable portion 48 results fromdisocclusions and pixel displacements reaching out of the field of viewof view 24. For example, usually the disparity displacements of thesamples of video 30 do not have a vertical component, but are restrictedto a horizontal direction. Accordingly, determinator 36 could beconfigured to row-wise detect sample positions of view 24, for which nocontributing rendered sample from view 22 exists. The actualinterpolation would not have to be performed. Even alternatively,determinator 36 could even be configured to detect portions within thedepth/disparity map 28 of view 22, which are likely to causedisocclusions due to a transition from foreground to background in therendering direction 50 from a view point of view 22 to a view point ofview 24.

The view predictor 38 is configured to perform a block-based predictionof the multi-view signal from a previously encoded portion of themulti-view signal so as to obtain a prediction signal 52. For example,view predictor 38 subdivides each picture of video 32 and 30,respectively, into blocks and associates respective predictionparameters to these blocks which define how to predict the respectiveblock from a respective previously encoded portion of the multi-viewsignal 20. The subdivision of pictures of video 32 may differ from thesubdivision of pictures of video 30. The subdivision may even vary intime using, for example, a quad-tree subdivision of a regularsubdivision of the pictures into tree root blocks. The respectivesubdivision information is, for example, signaled within data stream 22via data stream generator 44. The sort of prediction parameters for theblocks may depend on the prediction mode associated with the respectiveblock. For example, the prediction modes may encompass one or more intraprediction modes according to which the respective block is spatiallypredicted from previously encoded samples neighboring the respectiveblock, one or more inter or temporal prediction modes according to whichthe respective block is temporally predicted from previously encodedpictures of the same view, and/or one or more inter-view predictionmodes according to which the respective block is predicted from atime-aligned picture of another view. In particular, motion compensatedprediction may be used for the inter predicted blocks, and disparitycompensated prediction may be used for the inter-view predicted blocks.Accordingly, the prediction parameters for inter-predicted blocks maycomprise a motion vector indicating the location from where therespective block is to be copied from the reference picture of the sameview. A reference index may belong to the motion prediction parametersso as to identify the reference picture among the previously encodedpictures of the same view. Similarly, disparity prediction parametersmay comprise a disparity vector and, optionally, a view index.

As far as the coding order used by view predictor 38 is concerned, samemay be chosen such that view 22 is coded prior to view 24 as far as onetime instant is concerned. Moreover, the coding order may be such thatthe coding of the multi-view signal 20 steps to the next time instantmerely after having completed the coding of the previously encoded timeinstant. Moreover, the coding order may be such that the time instantsare coded into data stream 22 in the presentation time order or in adifferent order. Finally, it is noted that view predictor 38 could alsobe responsible for performing the block-based prediction onto thedepth/disparity maps 28 and 34, respectively. According to thejust-mentioned coding order, it could be that video 30 is coded prior todepth/disparity map 28, followed by view 24. Similar coding modes asdescribed above for the videos 30 and 32 could be available fordepth/disparity maps 28 and 34, respectively. Additional coding modescould, however, also be available for blocks of depth/disparity maps 28and 34 with such coding modes, for example, exploiting the similarityand the location of edges in texture on the one hand and depthinformation on the other hand.

Although encoder 26 could theoretically use the original version of thepreviously encoded portion of the multi-view signal as a basis for theprediction, it is advantageous that view predictor 38 bases theprediction on a reference signal 59 which is derived from, or at leastpartially formed by, a reconstructible version 58 of the respectivepreviously encoded portion of the multi-view signal as it is depicted inFIG. 4 , since in that case a respective view predictor at the decoderside is able to completely recover the prediction signal 52 so that amismatch between the prediction on the encoder side and the decoder sidemay be avoided.

The residual generator 40 is configured to determine a residual signal54 between the prediction signal 52 and the multi-view signal 20. Thedata stream generator 44 may insert the residual signal 54 into datastream 22. For example, transform coding and/or entropy coding may beused by data stream generator 44.

In order to further reduce the coding rate, parameter predictor 42optionally predicts prediction parameters based on other predictionparameters. To be more precise, the prediction parameters of a currentblock may be predicted by a parameter predictor 42 based on theprediction parameters of previously encoded blocks of the multi-viewsignal 20. For example, parameter predictor 42 predicts the predictionparameters of a current block of video 32 based on prediction parametersof a previously encoded spatially neighboring block of the same pictureor a co-located block of a previously coded picture of video 32.

The usage of the reconstructed version of the previously encoded portionof the multi-view signal 20 instead of the original version thereof isshown in FIG. 4 by encoder 26 optionally comprising a reconstructor 56,which recovers the reconstructible version 58 of the previously encodedportion of the multi-view signal 20, as reconstructible at the decoderside from the prediction parameters 52 and the residual signal 54 astransmitted via data stream 22.

In order to effectively encode the multi-view signal 20, the encoder 26may be configured such that the view predictor 38 continues to performthe prediction even across the renderable portion 46, with the datastream generator 44 inserting the parameter prediction residual 60 intodata stream 22, while the residual coder, however, could be configuredto skip residual generation within the renderable portion 16. By thismeasure, the parameter predictor 42 could be able to effectively performthe parameter prediction even across the boundary between thenon-renderable portion 48 and the renderable portion 46 of view 24,while spending coding rate for residual coding within the renderableportion 1 s avoided. However, it is emphasized that this is an optionalfeature of FIG. 4 . For example, view predictor 38 may perform theblock-based prediction using first prediction parameters within therenderable portion 46, and using second prediction parameters within thenon-renderable portion, and the parameter predictor 42 may be configuredto predict the second prediction parameters from the first predictionparameters so as to obtain respective parameter prediction residual 60for insertion into the data stream by data stream generator 44. By thismeasure the coding rate for coding the second prediction parameterscould be reduced relative to the case where no first predictionparameters would be available for the decoder. Rather, information ofthe first prediction parameters, i.e. the prediction parameters used bypredictor 38 within the renderable portion 46, would be transmitted viabitstream 22 such as, for example, by predictive coding using parameterpredictor 42. In any case, the data stream 22 would have information onthe first prediction parameters used within the renderable portion 46 sothat, at the decoder side, these prediction parameters may be recoveredfor the renderable portion 46.

However, it could also be possible that blocks within the renderableportion 46 are neither predicted by view predictor 38 nor subject toresidual coding in residual generator 40 so that both informationentities, prediction parameters and the residual signal, would bemissing for such blocks within the renderable portion 46. The missinginformation in the prediction loop between the output of reconstructor56 and reference input of view predictor 38 could, however, be filled bythe rendition of these missing portions based on an actual rendition 57thereof by renderer 92 as it will be described in more detail below withrespect to the various embodiments of the present application. Brieflyspoken, actually rendered portions of the renderable portion 46, such asthe whole portion 46, may be input used to contribute to the referencesignal, such as in form of a whole reference picture. Alternatively,portions of the renderable portion 46, may replace collocated portionswithin the reconstructed signal 58, with the replacement being performedby a replacer, thereby obtaining a mixed signal 91 having blocksrendered, and block reconstructed.

However, it could also be possible that blocks within the renderableportion 46 are predicted by view predictor 38 based on the referencesignal 59 and that residual coding in residual generator 40 does alsotake place so that both information entities, prediction parameters andthe residual signal, would be present for such blocks within therenderable portion 46. The prediction parameters could be restricted toa pure indication of a coding mode of the respective block, such as acoding mode according to which the co-located portion of the actuallyrendered signal 57 is copied into the current block within portion 46 asa predictor, also with, optionally, a residual signal or without.

For example, the view predictor 38 may be configured to, in performingthe block-based prediction, predict at least one first block within therenderable portion 46 using first motion or disparity vector data, andat least one second block within the non-renderable portion 48 usingsecond motion or disparity vector data, and the parameter predictor 42would be configured to predict the second motion or disparity vectordata from the first motion or disparity vector data. In this regard, thefirst block and the second block may both belong to the same picture ofthe first view 24 or may both belong to the same time instant, or thefirst block and the second block may be within different pictures of thefirst view 24. However, it could also be that the second block is ablock of a third view of the multi-view signal 20, such as a blockbelonging to the same time instant as the first block of the renderableportion 46 of view 24, with the third view, however, following in viewcoding order defined among the views of multi-view signal 20.

As is shown in FIG. 4 , reconstructor 56 is configured to reconstructthe first view 24, including the renderable portion 46, from theprediction signal 52 and the residual signal 54 (as far as present), andthe view predictor 38 performs the block-based prediction from thereference signal 59 which, at least partially, is based on the resultingreconstructed signal 58. At least a part of the reference signal 59 iscomposed of the actually rendered portion 57 of the rendering result ofthe renderable portion 46, i.e. the rendered reference signal 57, whichis also be introduced into the prediction loop as will be outlined inmore detail below.

Before this, however, an embodiment of a decoder is described in moredetail below, the decoder being able to decode data stream 21. As willbecome clear from this description, any lack of the residual signalwithin data stream 22 as far as the renderable portion 46 is concerned,does not negatively influence the quality of the reproduced view 24 atthe decoder side as the decoder is able to render this portion 46 fromthe reconstructed version of view 22, which in turn is coded into datastream 22 along with the residual signal 54, thereby resulting in anappropriate quality of the view synthesis in view 24.

FIG. 5 shows such a decoder in accordance with an embodiment. Thedecoder of FIG. 5 is configured to reconstruct the first view 24 of themulti-view signal 20 from the data stream 22. Again, the decoder of FIG.5 could also be configured to reconstruct view 22, but FIG. 5concentrates on view 24.

The decoder of FIG. 5 comprises a data stream extractor 80, a viewpredictor 82, a reconstructor 84, a renderer 86 and a replacer 88. Theinterconnection of these blocks is as indicated in FIG. 5 with solidlines. Dashed interconnections are optional with their significancebeing derivable from the below-outlined explanation.

The data stream extractor 80 is configured to extract predictionparameters 53 and a residual signal 54 from data stream 22. Theextraction of the prediction parameters 53 may involve predictivedecoding using previously extracted or previously decoded predictionparameters. In other words, data stream extractor 80 may alsoincorporate a functionality which recovers the prediction parameters 53from the prediction parameter residuals 60 within data stream 22, namelyby predicting the prediction parameters from previously predictionparameters and refining the predicted prediction parameters by use ofthe prediction parameter residual 60.

The functionality of the view predictor 82 and the reconstructor 84 isto emulate the operation of view predictor 38 and reconstructor 46 ofencoder 26 of FIG. 4 . That is, view predictor 82 performs a block-basedprediction of the multi-view signal from a previously reconstructedportion 58 of the multi-view signal so as to obtain the predictionsignal 52 and the reconstructor 84 is configured to reconstruct themulti-view signal 22 using the prediction signal 52 and the residualsignal 54 so as to obtain a reconstructed version of the multi-viewsignal as obtained without rendering. A presentation of thereconstructed version 58 would could result in a poor quality of themulti-view signal within the renderable portion 46 in case theabove-mentioned optional residual suppression within the renderableportion 46 is used according to which the residual signal or bothprediction signal and residual signal are, at least partially, missingwithin the renderable portion 46. Accordingly, renderer 86 is configuredto actually perform the rendering of the renderable portion 46 of thefirst view 24 from the reconstructed version of view 22, at leastpartially, so as to obtain an actually rendered portion 57.

Replacer 89 is configured to replace a co-located portion of therenderable portion 46 of the reconstructed version 58 of the first view24 as obtained by reconstructor 84, by this actually rendered portion 57so as to obtain a mixed signal 91.

The mixed version 91 could represent the presentation output of thedecoder of FIG. 5 . However, alternatively, other portions beyond thoserendered in the mixed signal, namely by signal 57, could further bereplaced by further actually rendered portions in renderer 89′.

The reference signal 59 of view predictor could therefore be composed ofthe reconstructed signal 58, the mixed signal 91 and the renderedreference signal 57. Naturally, one of the mixed signal 91 and therendered references signal may be missing.

In the following, embodiments are described as to how the encoder mayinform the decoder as to which portion is to be actually rendered, whichof the actually rendered portion is to be introduced into the predictionloop, either by replacement or in juxtaposition to the reconstructedsignal 58, and which of the actually rendered portion is to beintroduced into the finally reconstructed output 92 to be reproduced, orhow this information may otherwise derived by the decoder. For example,actually rendered portion may correspond, by default, to the wholerenderable portion 46, and be used as rendered reference signal 57.Alternatively, the data stream generator 44 may be configured to encodea position information indicating a position of the renderable portion46 into the data stream. Further. position information indicatingportions of the multi-view signal for which the rendered reference 57is—via mixed signal 91 or not—to be used, may be coded into the datastream in form of, for example, one or more special coding modes. INthis regard, reference is made to the below description. Summarizing theabove embodiments for an encoder and a corresponding decoder, the datastream 21 according to the above embodiments may comprise: 1) residualdata for the non-renderable portion 48 and, optionally, renderableportion 46; 2) prediction parameters for both blocks within therenderable portion 46 as well as blocks within the non-renderableportion 48 or, optionally, merely within the non-renderable portion 48;some of these prediction parameters would be motion and/or disparitycompensated parameters dedicated for copying portions of the referencesignal stemming from the rendered signal 57 (either directly, or via themixed signal); 3) optionally, subdivision information for subdividingthe views into the blocks, 4) optionally, coding modes associated withthe blocks and determining the sort of prediction parameters associatedwith the respective block. Regarding the prediction parameters, same mayat least partially predictively coded into the data stream in the formof prediction parameter residuals. At least some of the predictionparameters relating to blocks within the non-renderable portion may becoded into the data stream by way of prediction parameter residualsrelative to prediction parameters relating to the renderable portion 46.Naturally, some of the prediction parameters of the non-renderableportion may also be coded into the data stream as prediction parameterresiduals relative to prediction parameters relating also to thenon-renderable portion 48. Similarly, some of the prediction parametersconcerning the renderable portion 46 may be coded into the data streamin the from of a prediction parameter residuals relative to predictionparameters of other blocks within the renderable portion 46.

After having described, rather generally, embodiments of the presentinvention, some possible variations are described below. For example, ashas already been described above, the view predictor 38 couldalternatively perform the block based prediction from a reference signalthat, at least partially, is composed of the original version of thepreviously encoded portion of the multi-view signal 20. However, thereconstructible version 58 is advantageous. Similarly, although FIG. 4suggests that determinator 36 derives the position of the renderablepotion 46 of view 24 based on the original version of view 22, this ismerely one option and it is advantageous that determinator 36 performsthe determination based on the reconstructible version of view 22 ascontained within reference signal 58. This is illustrated by the dashedbox 92 in FIG. 4 where the renderer 92 would also assume responsibilityfor the determination of portion 46.

Thus, as become clear from FIG. 4 , the reference signal 59, from whichview predictor 38 performed the block-based prediction, i.e. the motioncompensated and/or the disparity compensated copying, is not onlydefined by the reconstruction result 58 derived by constructor 56, i.e.the reconstructed version of multi-view signal 20 as currentlyreconstructed. Rather, even versions rendered therefrom may contributeto the reference signal 59 based on which view predictor 38 performs theblock-based prediction. In accordance with a first alternative, forexample, the determinator 92 is configured to actually render therenderable portion 46 to obtain a rendered signal. The rendered signal57 within the renderable portion 46 forms, along with the reconstructedsignal 58 within the non-renderable portion 48, a mixed reference signal91 based on which the view predictor may perform the block-basedprediction. That is, in a decoded picture buffer 94, optionallypositioned between renderer 92 and view predictor 38, the referencepictures stored therein would correspond to the reconstructed version 58as reconstructed by reconstructor 56 as far as the non-renderableportion 48 within these pictures is concerned, and the rendered signal57 as rendered by renderer 92 as far as the renderable portion 46 withinthese pictures is concerned. That is, the motion- and/ordisparity-compensated prediction performed by view predictor 38 would beperformed on reference pictures corresponding to those reproduced at thedecoding side. A decoded picture buffer 94′ may likewise be present inthe prediction loop in the decoder right in front of the prediction loopinput of the view predictor 82, with same being filled in exactly thesame manner as at the encoder in the way set out hereinafter for furtherembodiments.

In accordance with an even further alternative, the determinator 92 maybe configured to actually render the renderable portion 46 to obtain arendered signal 57 from the reconstructed version 58 of view 22, and thedecoded picture buffer 94 would buffer two kinds of reference signals,namely the reference signal 58 as obtained by reconstructor 56 havingthe non-renderable as well as renderable portions reconstructed usingthe prediction signal 52 and residual signal 54, and a further referencesignal in form of the rendered signal 57 within the renderable portion46. Thus, different reference indices for the motion- and/ordisparity-compensation predicted blocks would refer to different kindsof pictures, namely pictures as output by reconstructor 46 on the onehand, and pictures being rendered at the renderable portion 46 on theother hand. Both renderers 89 and 89′ could be left away in that case.

In accordance with an even further alternative, the determinator 92 maybe configured to actually render the renderable portion 46 to obtain arendered signal 57 from the reconstructed version of view 22 forspecific blocks for which the reconstruction based on rendering fromview 22 is activated by a respective coding mode option whereas otherblocks are reconstructed based on the reconstruction result ofreconstructor 56. The result would be the mixed signal 91.

After having described different embodiments of the present invention,further possible variations and further details regarding the encodingprocedure are set out below.

Further, according to the possible implementation of the embodimentsoutlined below, a more detailed description is spent on a possible wayto signal within the data stream 21 the omission of the residual signalwithin the renderable portion 46 in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present invention. As will be outlined in more detail below, theprediction modes for the blocks may signal to the decoder that aresidual signal for the respective block is missing or not. In thatcase, based on the coded depth maps of the reference view 22 and thecoded camera parameters, which may be additionally coded as an optionalelement 5) in data stream 21, the encoder 26 (or determinator 92)determines regions 46 in the currently coded image at time instance Tthat can be rendered from images of any previously coded reference view22 of the same time instance T. In order to determine such regions 46,the encoder/determinator can use basically the same procedure that isused in the renderer 86 for determining the regions that are renderedfrom a particular view.

For the regions 46 that can be rendered, no residual information may becoded. I.e., for these regions 46, the coded block flags or coded blockpattern, which indicates whether non-zero transform coefficient levelsare present, may be switched off, such as set to zero at the encoderside. However, splitting information for the prediction tree (whichsignal how a block is decomposed for the purpose of temporal orinter-view prediction) and motion data may still be transmitted forthese regions, in order not to break the chain of motion dataprediction. As described above, when the motion information would beskipped or zero motion vectors would be transmitted for these regions, asignificant amount of bit rate would have to be spent for transmittingthe motion data of the next block that lies in a region 48 that cannotbe rendered. There would not be any suitable motion data in spatially ortemporally neighboring blocks that can be used for efficientlypredicting the motion data of the next block that cannot be rendered. Byalso transmitting the motion data of blocks that can be rendered(perhaps with less accuracy, as described below), this can be preventedand overall bit rate may be saved. Thus, e.g. in block-based hybridvideo coding, blocks containing only samples that can be rendered aresimply encoded without residual information.

If regions 46 that are identified to be renderable are coded withoutresidual information, these regions can only be reconstructed in a lowerquality. Thus, these regions should be rendered 86 from previouslydecoded views after decoding. In an embodiment, these regions areidentified at the decoder side by using a particular specified algorithm(the same or a similar algorithm that is used in the encoder foridentifying these regions) in a renderer 86. In another embodiment ofthe invention, these regions are indicated in the bitstream, e.g. bytransmitted supplemental enhancement information (SEI message).

Thus, as became clear from the just-described implementationpossibility, it could be that the omission of a residual signal withindata stream 21 is realized at block granularity, i.e. by transmittingcoding modes for the blocks of view 24 such that for blocks completelyresiding within the renderable portion 46, no residual signalinformation is present within the data stream 21, with this fact beingknown for the decoder from the respective coding mode. With regard tothe other blocks, i.e. blocks partially overlapping at the renderableportion and partially overlapping the non-renderable portion, theresidual signal may be transmitted within data stream 21 completely, ormerely with respect to that part of these blocks lying within thenon-renderable portion 48.

If there are only blocks of a fixed size, the encoding can be simplydone as described above. For each block, it can be tested indeterminator 36 or 92 whether it can be rendered, and if it can berendered, no transmission of any residual takes place. However, thevideo coding algorithm used in FIGS. 4 and 5 may include a mechanism bywhich a (large) block can either be coded in a particular coding modewith associated motion parameters or it can be split into smallersubblocks and each of these subblocks is transmitted in a particularcoding mode. In order to decide whether a block, which cannot becompletely but only partly rendered, is split or not, encoders may haveto compare any particular cost measure. For example, when using arecursive partitioning, such as quad-tree structures, the RD-costs ofdifferent tree-depth need to be compared.

Rendering artifacts have a different impact to the subjectiveimage/video quality perception than coding artifacts. Therefore,distortions introduced by rendering cannot be compared directly todistortions introduced by lossy compression. However, in typicalencoders, the coding mode of a block is usually determined by minimizinga distortion measure D or a Lagrangian cost measure D+λ·R, which weightsthe distortion D for a coding mode against the associated number of bitsR given a Lagrangian multiplier A. If the mode decision is based on sucha cost measure in encoder 26, only a very low percentage of the blockswould be coded in the inter-view skip mode described above, i.e. themode with suppression of residual coding, since the distortion wouldusually be quite high compared to conventional coding modes, althoughthe final rendered result will look fine.

Due to that reason, it is advantageous to modify the distortioncalculation in the mode decision process. In an embodiment of theinvention, the distortion is calculated by only considering samples thatcannot be rendered. For all samples that can be rendered (as determinedby the determinator), the sample distortion is that to zero (independentof the coding mode) so that it doesn't have any impact on the overalldistortion for a block. Therefore, the distortion of rendered regions isnot considered in the mode-decision.

FIG. 6 shows an example: The right image shows the block subdivisionthat is one level deeper than in the left image. The shaded area labelsthe samples that can be rendered and are therefore not taken intoaccount. Thus, for example, the upper left block D₁ in the right imageis not considered at all. And when comparing the cost for the entireblock D₀ with the sum of the costs for the remaining subblocks D₁+D₂+D₃,none of the shaded samples (which can be rendered) is taken intoaccount. By this modification, we do not automatically split blocks forwhich a subblock can be rendered, but may also code the entire block Dousing a conventional coding mode if this improves the overall codingefficiency.

Thus, the residual generator 40 and the view predictor 38 could beconfigured to locally vary a block granularity at which the first andsecond prediction parameters are defined, and at which the residualsignal 54 covers the dependent view 24. In that case, both couldcooperate to signal the local variation of the block granularity withinthe data stream 21 in form of the above-mentioned subdivisioninformation. The residual generator and the view predictor could then beconfigured to perform the local variation at a boundary of therenderable view, such as the block-subdivision of the block Do, using aminimization algorithm so as to minimize a cost measure which increasesdepending on a distortion measured outside the renderable portion 46,i.e. within portion 48, stronger than on a distortion measured insidethe renderable portion 46.

However, even a scaling of λ in the Lagrangian cost measure, i.e. theLagrangian multiplier λ, could be scaled in the calculation of the RDcost measure within the renderable portion compared to thenon-renderable portion.

As described above, for blocks which can be rendered, no transmissionany residual information takes place, but splitting and motioninformation is still transmitted in order to improve the overall codingefficiency for the motion parameters (see above). These motionparameters are, however, only necessitated for obtaining a suitableprediction for the motion parameters of following blocks, which cannotbe rendered completely. It is usually justified that these splitting andmotion parameter are coded with less accuracy. I.e., when selecting thesplitting and motion parameters, the associated rate R should have alarger influence on the selected parameters than for conventionallycoded blocks. Or in other words, since the content of the regions 46that can be rendered is already present in the bitstream (in a differentview), these regions do not have to be encoded in a high quality and thecalculation of R-D costs may be adapted towards a weaker influence ofthe distortion term. This forces the mode decision to modes of lower bitrate. Due to that reason, the calculation of the RD-costs is changedfrom C=D+λR (with R being the rate, D being the distortion and λ beingthe Lagrange Multiplier) to C=D+sλR. The Lagrange Multiplier λ is scaledby a factors s>1.

That is, the encoder 26 may be configured to set prediction parametersrelating to the renderable portion 46 using a minimization algorithm soas to minimize a first cost measure, and set prediction parametersrelating to the non-renderable portion 48 using the minimizationalgorithm so as to minimize a second cost measure, wherein a quotient ofa strength of an increase of the first cost measure depending on bitrate, divided by a strength of an increase of the first cost measuredepending on distortion is greater than for the second cost measure. Inthe example presented above, the quotient would be Sλ within therenderable portion, and λ within the non-renderable portion.

Focus is now put onto the above emphasized possibility to include theactually rendered signal into the prediction loop so as to form theprediction basis for view predictor 38. The decision whether therenderable portion 46 is included into the prediction loop or not, couldbe performed on a block basis as described further below. In particular,in accordance with this embodiment, the inter-view skip mode could berealized by signaling the rendered region and integrating the renderinginto the prediction loop via renderer 92. The bitstream syntax and thedecoding process are modified. In contrast to above embodiments, it issignaled inside the bitstream 21 whether a block is rendered based ondata coded in an already coded view 22 and, for these blocks, thereference signal 59 entering view predictor 38 is obtained by actuallyrendering these blocks inside the decoder loop within renderer 92.Consequently, the rendered blocks are also used when these blocks arereferenced by future frames for the purpose of motion compensation. Thatis, their content is rendered when copied to another block.

Thus, based on the coded depth maps of the reference view 22 and thecoded camera parameters, the encoder/determinator determines regions 46in the currently coded image of view 24 at time instance T that can berendered from images of previously coded reference view 22 of the sametime instance T. This process is the same as described above. Butadditionally, for particular blocks in the prediction tree of thecurrently coded image of view 24 a flag is transmitted inside thebitstream, indicating whether the block can be rendered or not. Forthose blocks that can be rendered, no residual information istransmitted. The flag could be transmitted for all blocks that are codedusing motion (or disparity) compensation. In another embodiment, theflag is only transmitted for a subset of the blocks (for example onlyblocks with a block size larger than or equal to a particular blocksize); for all other blocks, the flag may be inferred to be equal to 0(i.e., these blocks are coded using conventional coding mode).

The reconstruction of these partitions is obtained by the particularrendering algorithm in renderer 92. If such a rendered block is used formotion-compensated prediction of other blocks in following frames ofview 24, for example, the rendered reconstruction signal is used.

In an embodiment, the described possibility, in which a flag signalswhether a block is rendered and the reconstruction signal is obtained byactually rendering the blocks, is combined with the modified encodercontrol described above.

However, the explicit signaling whether a certain block within therenderable portion 46 is to be replaced within the prediction loop bythe rendered signal does not need to be transmitted explicitly. Rather,as described above this replacement may be contacted automatically basedon the determined location of the renderable portion 46. Thus, theinter-view skip mode may be realized by integrating rendering into theprediction loop, but without transmitting block-based renderinginformation. In that case, the bitstream syntax does not include ablock-based indication whether a respective block is rendered or not,but the decoding process is modified in a way that the reconstructionsignal of blocks that can be rendered is obtained by actual rendering.This method is in principle similar to the just-described possibility ofsignaling block-wise the insertion of the rendered version orreconstructed version into the prediction loop, but no flags aretransmitted that indicate if the region can be rendered. Instead, thedecoder checks renderability itself using the received depth maps andcamera parameters the same way as the encoder does, and for renderableblocks the use of the rendered version from the reference version isused by default.

Based on the coded depth maps of the reference view 22 and the codedcamera parameters, the encoder/determiner determines regions 46 in thecurrently coded image of view 24 that can be rendered from images ofpreviously coded reference view 22 of the same time instance. For thoseregions 46, no further residual information is transmitted. Thereconstruction of these regions is obtained by rendering. In anembodiment of the invention, this method is combined with a modifiedencoder control as described above.

Based on the decoded depth maps of the reference views and the decodedcamera parameters, the decoder/renderer 86 determines regions in thecurrently decoded image that can be rendered from images of previouslydecoded reference views of the same time instance. The reconstruction ofthese regions is obtained by rendering. The algorithm that is used fordetermining the regions that can be rendered is the same in encoder indecoder, so that no encoder-decoder mismatches can occur if thebitstream is transmitted without errors.

As already described above, a kind of warped inter-view prediction maybe realized. For reducing the bit rate associated with blocks in view 24that can be rendered based on the pictures and depth of an already codedreference view 22, new rendered reference pictures may be introduced andbuffered in buffer 94. An image is created by rendering the current view24 using the reconstructed image of one or more reference views 22 andthe associated depth maps 28. For that purpose, the images of an alreadycoded view 22 are mapped to the coordinate system of the current view byusing the associated depth maps by renderer 22. The newly created imagerepresents a suitable representation for the current image of thecurrent view 24, except for the areas 48 that are uncovered in thecurrent view 24, or are not present in the reference views such as theborder area illustrated to the right of texture 32. During the renderingprocess, the holes in the rendered image can be either set to aparticular values or can be filled by particular algorithms, e.g., bysetting the samples equal to the sample values of the neighboringsamples with the smallest depth value, a procedure called backgroundfilling.

In an embodiment, a single rendered image may be created based on thedata of all previously coded views (for the current time instance) or asubset of the previously coded views. In another embodiment of theinvention, a rendered image is created by using exactly one previouslycoded view. However, if more than one view has already been coded, twoor more rendered images can be created. In another embodiment, arendered image can be created by using the data of exactly one view orby using the data of more than one view. It can be signaled inside thedata stream, which data are used for creating a particular renderedimage.

In an embodiment, the rendered images may replace the interviewreference picture for the same reference view in the reference picturelists of the current picture. In another embodiment, both conventionalinterview reference pictures and rendered pictures that are renderedusing the reconstructed pictures and depths maps of already coded viewscan be presents in the reference picture lists or lists for the currentpicture. What reference pictures are actually included in the referencepicture list(s) may be signaled inside the data stream.

In an embodiment, the low-level syntax is not modified, i.e., only thegeneration of the reference picture list is changed (including thecreation of rendered reference pictures). The advantage of this methodis that, when an interview reference picture is used (as signaled by thereference picture index), the associated motion parameters are zero orat least nearly zero (since the reference view image has been mapped tothe coordinates of the current view) and the bit rate associated withthe motion data is very small. In order to further reduce the bit rateassociated with regions that can be rendered, the encoder control can bemodified in a similar way as described above. That means, for block thatcan be rendered (as determined by the encoder), the encoder can set thereference index to a value that indicates the usage of a renderedreference picture. In addition, the residual information can be set tozero (i.e., no residual is coded for a rendered block). Also, the motionvector can be set to zero. Furthermore, the cost measure for decidingthe coding mode for a block that can be rendered can be modified bymultiplying the Lagrangian parameter with a scaling factor greaterthan 1. Also, during mode decision, the distortion measure can bemodified in a way that only samples that cannot be rendered contributeto the distortion.

In another embodiment, the motion vector differences, i.e. theprediction parameter residual, are not transmitted but inferred to beequal to 0 if the reference index indicates that a rendered referenceimage is used (but the residual can be transmitted). In a furtherembodiment, no residual and no coded block indication is transmitted ifthe reference index indicates that a rendered reference image is used(but motion vector differences can be transmitted). Instead, the codedblock information is inferred to be zero (i.e., the correspondingresidual is inferred to be zero). In another embodiment, no motionvector differences and no residual are transmitted if the referenceindex indicates that a rendered reference image is used.

In another embodiment, the concept of rendered pictures is not (or notonly) applied to the coding of texture information (i.e., normal videosignals), but it is applied to the coding of depth maps. In this case,the disocclusion areas of the rendered reference images can be filledwith the background depth (i.e., the depth value that specifies thefarthest distance to the camera of the samples at the border of thedisocclusion area). This hole filling can be applied line-wise (byconsidering only samples in the same line as the hole sample to befilled) or region-wise (by considering all samples at the borders of thedisocclusion area).

After having described many different implementation possibilities, itshould be noted that it became clear from the above discussion thatrenderer 86 within the decoder may not completely render all therenderable portion 46. Further, block 86 may act as a determinator fordetermining the renderable portion with rendering portions thereofsignaled within the data stream 21.

Although some aspects have been described in the context of anapparatus, it is clear that these aspects also represent a descriptionof the corresponding method, where a block or device corresponds to amethod step or a feature of a method step. Analogously, aspectsdescribed in the context of a method step also represent a descriptionof a corresponding block or item or feature of a correspondingapparatus. Some or all of the method steps may be executed by (or using)a hardware apparatus, like for example, a microprocessor, a programmablecomputer or an electronic circuit. In some embodiments, some one or moreof the most important method steps may be executed by such an apparatus.

Depending on certain implementation requirements, embodiments of theinvention can be implemented in hardware or in software. Theimplementation can be performed using a digital storage medium, forexample a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blu-Ray, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM,an EEPROM or a FLASH memory, having electronically readable controlsignals stored thereon, which cooperate (or are capable of cooperating)with a programmable computer system such that the respective method isperformed. Therefore, the digital storage medium may be computerreadable.

Some embodiments according to the invention comprise a data carrierhaving electronically readable control signals, which are capable ofcooperating with a programmable computer system, such that one of themethods described herein is performed.

Generally, embodiments of the present invention can be implemented as acomputer program product with a program code, the program code beingoperative for performing one of the methods when the computer programproduct runs on a computer. The program code may for example be storedon a machine readable carrier.

Other embodiments comprise the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein, stored on a machine readable carrier.

In other words, an embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, acomputer program having a program code for performing one of the methodsdescribed herein, when the computer program runs on a computer.

A further embodiment of the inventive methods is, therefore, a datacarrier (or a digital storage medium, or a computer-readable medium)comprising, recorded thereon, the computer program for performing one ofthe methods described herein. The data carrier, the digital storagemedium or the recorded medium are typically tangible and/ornon-transitionary.

A further embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, a datastream or a sequence of signals representing the computer program forperforming one of the methods described herein. The data stream or thesequence of signals may for example be configured to be transferred viaa data communication connection, for example via the Internet.

A further embodiment comprises a processing means, for example acomputer, or a programmable logic device, configured to or adapted toperform one of the methods described herein.

A further embodiment comprises a computer having installed thereon thecomputer program for performing one of the methods described herein.

A further embodiment according to the invention comprises an apparatusor a system configured to transfer (for example, electronically oroptically) a computer program for performing one of the methodsdescribed herein to a receiver. The receiver may, for example, be acomputer, a mobile device, a memory device or the like. The apparatus orsystem may, for example, comprise a file server for transferring thecomputer program to the receiver.

In some embodiments, a programmable logic device (for example a fieldprogrammable gate array) may be used to perform some or all of thefunctionalities of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, afield programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor inorder to perform one of the methods described herein. Generally, themethods are performed by any hardware apparatus.

While this invention has been described in terms of several advantageousembodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents whichfall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted thatthere are many alternative ways of implementing the methods andcompositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that thefollowing appended claims be interpreted as including all suchalterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the truespirit and scope of the present invention.

1. A decoder for decoding a multi-view signal representing a video,comprising: a renderer configured for rendering, using a processor, arenderable portion of a first view of the multi-view signal, by viewsynthesis, based on a second view of the multi-view signal to generate arendered portion of the first view; an extractor configured forextracting, from the data stream, using the processor, a first residualsignal and a second residual signal; a view predictor configured forperforming, using the processor, a block-based motion prediction basedon the rendered portion and a non-renderable portion of the first view,at least by obtaining a first set of motion prediction parametersassociated with the rendered portion, and generating a prediction signalbased on the rendered portion, the first set of motion predictionparameters, the non-renderable portion, and a second set of motionprediction parameters associated with the non-renderable portion; aparameter predictor configured for obtaining, using the processor, thesecond set of motion prediction parameters based on the first set ofmotion prediction parameters and the second residual; and areconstructor configured for reconstructing the first view based on theprediction signal and the first residual.
 2. The decoder of claim 1,wherein the extractor is further configured for extracting, from thedata stream, first position information indicative of the renderedportion of the first view.
 3. The decoder of claim 1, wherein theextractor is further configured for extracting, from the data stream,second position information indicative of the renderable portion.
 4. Thedecoder of claim 1, wherein the renderer is configured for rendering therenderable portion to generate the rendered portion based ondepth/disparity map of a scene associated with the first and secondviews.
 5. The decoder of claim 1, wherein the reconstructor isconfigured for reconstructing, based on the prediction signal and thefirst residual signal, a reconstructed reference signal to be used bythe view predictor for block-based prediction.
 6. The decoder of claim1, wherein the view predictor is configured for performing block-baseddisparity compensated prediction to obtain a reference signal for arenderable portion of a third view.
 7. The decoder of claim 1, whereinthe view predictor is configured to, in performing the block-basedprediction, predict at least one first block within the renderableportion using first disparity vector data, and at least one second blockwithin the non-renderable portion using second disparity vector data,wherein the parameter predictor is configured to predict the seconddisparity vector data from the first disparity vector data.
 8. Thedecoder of claim 1, wherein the non-renderable portion of the first viewis disjoint to the renderable portion of the first view.
 9. An encoderfor encoding a multi-view signal representing a video into a datastream, comprising: a determinator configured for rendering, using aprocessor, a renderable portion of a first view of the multi-viewsignal, by view synthesis based on a second view of the multi-viewsignal to generate a rendered portion of the first view; a viewpredictor configured for performing, using the processor, a block-basedmotion prediction based on the rendered portion and a non-renderableportion of the first view, at least by obtaining a first set of motionprediction parameters associated with the rendered portion, obtaining asecond set of motion prediction parameters associated with thenon-renderable portion of the first view, and generating a predictionsignal based on the rendered portion, the first set of motion predictionparameters, the non-renderable portion, and the second set of motionprediction parameters; a parameter predictor configured for predicting,using the processor, the second set of motion prediction parametersbased on the first set of motion prediction parameters; a residualgenerator configured for determining, using the processor, a firstresidual signal based on the prediction signal and the first view of themulti-view signal, and determining, using the processor, a secondresidual signal based on the first and second sets of motion predictionparameters; and a data stream generator configured for inserting, usingthe processor, the first and second residual signals into the datastream.
 10. The encoder of claim 9, wherein the data stream generator isfurther configured for inserting first position information indicativeof the rendered portion of the first view into the data stream.
 11. Theencoder of claim 9, wherein the data stream generator is furtherconfigured for inserting second position information indicative of therenderable portion into the data stream.
 12. The encoder of claim 9,wherein the determinator is configured for rendering the renderableportion to generate the rendered portion based on depth/disparity map ofa scene associated with the first and second views.
 13. The encoder ofclaim 9, further comprising a reconstructor configured forreconstructing, based on the prediction signal and the first residualsignal, a reconstructed reference signal to be used by the viewpredictor for block-based prediction.
 14. The encoder of claim 9,wherein the view predictor is configured for performing block-baseddisparity compensated prediction to obtain a reference signal for arenderable portion of a third view.
 15. A non-transitory computerreadable medium having data recorded thereon for encoding a multi-viewsignal representing a video into a data stream, wherein the data, whenread by the computer, cause the computer to perform: rendering arenderable portion of a first view of the multi-view signal, by viewsynthesis based on a second view of the multi-view signal to generate arendered portion of the first view; performing a block-based motionprediction based on the rendered portion and a non-renderable portion ofthe first view, at least by obtaining a first set of motion predictionparameters associated with the rendered portion, obtaining a second setof motion prediction parameters associated with the non-renderableportion of the first view, and generating a prediction signal based onthe rendered portion, the first set of motion prediction parameters, thenon-renderable portion, and the second set of motion predictionparameters; predicting the second set of motion prediction parametersbased on the first set of motion prediction parameters; determining afirst residual signal based on the prediction signal and the first viewof the multi-view signal; determining a second residual signal based onthe first and second sets of motion prediction parameters; and insertingthe first and second residual signals into the data stream.
 16. Thecomputer readable medium of claim 15, when the data is read by thecomputer, further causing the computer to perform inserting firstposition information indicative of the rendered portion of the firstview into the data stream.
 17. The computer readable medium of claim 15,when the data is read by the computer, further causing the computer toperform inserting second position information indicative of therenderable portion into the data stream.
 18. The computer readablemedium of claim 15, wherein the step of rendering the renderable portionis based on depth/disparity map of a scene associated with the first andsecond views.
 19. The computer readable medium of claim 15, when thedata is read by the computer, further causing the computer to performreconstructing, based on the prediction signal and the first residualsignal, a reconstructed reference signal to be used for block-basedprediction.
 20. The computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein thenon-renderable portion of the first view is disjoint to the renderableportion of the first view.